Line+of+inquiry+1+(3)

=Butterfly = From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia //For other uses, see [|Butterfly (disambiguation)] .// 


 * ~ Butterflies ||


 * = [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Charaxes_brutus_natalensis.jpg/250px-Charaxes_brutus_natalensis.jpg width="250" height="167" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charaxes_brutus_natalensis.jpg"]] ||


 * = [|//Charaxes brutus natalensis//] in [|Dar es Salaam] ,[|Tanzania] ||


 * ~ [|Scientific classification] ||


 * Kingdom: ||  || [|Animalia]  ||


 * Phylum: ||  || [|Arthropoda]  ||


 * Class: ||  || [|Insecta]  ||


 * Order: ||  || [|Lepidoptera]  ||


 * (unranked): ||  || **[|Rhopalocera] ** ||


 * ~ Subgroups ||


 * < * Superfamily [|Hedyloidea] :
 * [|Hedylidae]


 * Superfamily <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Hesperioidea] :
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Hesperiidae]

||
 * Superfamily <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Papilionoidea] :
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Papilionidae]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Pieridae]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Nymphalidae]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Lycaenidae]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Riodinidae]

A **butterfly** is a mainly day-flying <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|insect] of the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|order] [|Lepidoptera], the butterflies and <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|moths]. Like other <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|holometabolous insects], the butterfly's <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|life cycle] consists of four parts, <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|egg] , <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|larva] ,<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|pupa] and adult. Most species are <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|diurnal]. Butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. Butterflies comprise the //true butterflies// (superfamily<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Papilionoidea] ), the //skippers// (superfamily <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Hesperioidea] ) and the //moth-butterflies// (superfamily<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Hedyloidea] ). All the many other families within the Lepidoptera are referred to as <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|moths]. Butterflies exhibit <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|polymorphism], <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|mimicry] and <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|aposematism]. Some, like the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Monarch], will<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|migrate] over long distances. Some butterflies have evolved symbiotic and parasitic relationships with social insects such as ants. Some species are pests because in their larval stages they can damage domestic crops or trees; however, some species are agents of<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|pollination] of some plants, and caterpillars of a few butterflies (e.g., <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Harvesters] ) eat harmful insects. Culturally, butterflies are a popular motif in the visual and literary arts. * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|1 Life cycle]
 * ==<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 0px; width: auto;">**Contents** ==


 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|1.1 Egg]
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|1.2 Caterpillars]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|1.2.1 Wing development]


 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|1.3 Pupa]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|1.4 Adult or imago]


 * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|2 External morphology]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|2.1 Scales]


 * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|3 Polymorphism]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|3.1 Mimicry]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|3.2 Seasonal polyphenism]


 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|4 Habits]
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|5 Flight]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|5.1 Migration]


 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|6 Defense]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|7 Notable species]
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|8 In culture]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|8.1 Art]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|8.2 Symbolism]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|8.3 Technological inspiration]


 * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|9 See also]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|9.1 Lists]

||
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|10 Field guides to butterflies]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|11 Cited references]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|12 Other references]
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|13 External links]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|13.1 Regional lists]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|13.2 Images/Movies]

==<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> Life cycle == <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; clear: right; display: block; float: right; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> Mating Common Buckeye Butterflies It is a popular belief that butterflies have very short life spans. However, butterflies in their adult stage can live from a week to nearly a year depending on the species. Many species have long larval life stages while others can remain <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|dormant] in their pupal or <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|egg] stages and thereby survive<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|winters] .<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[1]] Butterflies may have one or more broods per year. The number of generations per year varies from temperate to tropical regions with tropical regions showing a trend towards <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|multivoltinism]. ===<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** Egg ** === <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; clear: right; display: block; float: right; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> Egg of //<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Ariadne merione] // Butterfly eggs are protected by a hard-ridged outer layer of shell, called the //chorion//. This is lined with a thin coating of wax which prevents the egg from drying out before the larva has had time to fully develop. Each egg contains a number of tiny funnel-shaped openings at one end, called//micropyles//; the purpose of these holes is to allow sperm to enter and fertilize the egg. Butterfly and moth eggs vary greatly in size between species, but they are all either spherical or ovate. Butterfly eggs are fixed to a leaf with a special glue which hardens rapidly. As it hardens it contracts, deforming the shape of the egg. This glue is easily seen surrounding the base of every egg forming a meniscus. The nature of the glue is unknown and is a suitable subject for research. The same glue is produced by a pupa to secure the setae of the cremaster. This glue is so hard that the silk pad, to which the setae are glued, cannot be separated. Eggs are usually laid on plants. Each species of butterfly has its own hostplant range and while some species of butterfly are restricted to just one species of plant, others use a range of plant species, often including members of a common family. The egg stage lasts a few weeks in most butterflies but eggs laid close to winter, especially in temperate regions, go through a //diapause//(resting) stage, and the hatching may take place only in spring. Other butterflies may lay their eggs in the spring and have them hatch in the summer. These butterflies are usually northern species, such as the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Mourning Cloak] (Camberwell Beauty) and the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Large] and <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Small] Tortoiseshell butterflies. ===<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** Caterpillars ** === <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; clear: right; display: block; float: right; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Caterpillars] of //<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Junonia coenia] //. Butterfly larvae, or <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|caterpillars], consume <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|plant] [|leaves] and spend practically all of their time in search of food. Although most caterpillars are herbivorous, a few species such as //<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Spalgis epius] //and //<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Liphyra brassolis] // are <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|entomophagous] (insect eating). Some larvae, especially those of the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Lycaenidae], form <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|mutual associations] with ants. They communicate with the ants using vibrations that are transmitted through the substrate as well as using chemical signals.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[2]][|[3]] The ants provide some degree of protection to these larvae and they in turn gather <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|honeydew secretions]. Caterpillars mature through a series of stages called instars. Near the end of each instar, the larva undergoes a process called <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|apolysis], in which the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|cuticle] , a tough outer layer made of a mixture of<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|chitin] and specialized <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|proteins] , is released from the softer <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|epidermis] beneath, and the epidermis begins to form a new <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|cuticle] beneath. At the end of each instar, the larva <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|moults] the old <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|cuticle], and the new <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|cuticle] expands, before rapidly hardening and developing pigment. Development of butterfly wing patterns begins by the last larval instar. Butterfly caterpillars have three pairs of true legs from the thoracic segments and up to 6 pairs of<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|prolegs] arising from the abdominal segments. These prolegs have rings of tiny hooks called crochets that help them grip the substrate. Some caterpillars have the ability to inflate parts of their head to appear snake-like. Many have false eye-spots to enhance this effect. Some caterpillars have special structures called <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|osmeteria] which are everted to produce smelly chemicals. These are used in defense. Host plants often have toxic substances in them and caterpillars are able to <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|sequester] these substances and retain them into the adult stage. This helps making them unpalatable to birds and other predators. Such unpalatibility is advertised using bright red, orange, black or white warning colours. The toxic chemicals in plants are often evolved specifically to prevent them from being eaten by insects. Insects in turn develop countermeasures or make use of these toxins for their own survival. This "arms race" has led to the coevolution of insects and their host plants.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[4]] ====<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** Wing development ** ==== <span style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: #cccccc 1px solid; display: block; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 172px;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> Last instar wing disk, //Junonia coenia// <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: #cccccc 1px solid; display: block; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> Detail of a butterfly wing Wings or wing pads are not visible on the outside of the larva, but when larvae are dissected, tiny developing //wing disks// can be found on the second and third thoracic segments, in place of the spiracles that are apparent on abdominal segments. Wing disks develop in association with a trachea that runs along the base of the wing, and are surrounded by a thin //peripodial membrane//, which is linked to the outer epidermis of the larva by a tiny duct. Wing disks are very small until the last larval instar, when they increase dramatically in size, are invaded by branching <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|tracheae] from the wing base that precede the formation of the wing veins, and begin to develop patterns associated with several landmarks of the wing. Near pupation, the wings are forced outside the epidermis under pressure from the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|hemolymph], and although they are initially quite flexible and fragile, by the time the pupa breaks free of the larval cuticle they have adhered tightly to the outer cuticle of the pupa (in obtect pupae). Within hours, the wings form a cuticle so hard and well-joined to the body that pupae can be picked up and handled without damage to the wings. ===<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** Pupa ** === <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; clear: right; display: block; float: right; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 172px;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> Chrysalis of <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Gulf Fritillary] When the larva is fully grown, hormones such as prothoracicotropic <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|hormone] (PTTH) are produced. At this point the larva stops feeding and begins "wandering" in the quest of a suitable pupation site, often the underside of a leaf. The larva transforms into a pupa (or <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|chrysalis] ) by anchoring itself to a substrate and moulting for the last time. The chrysalis is usually incapable of movement, although some species can rapidly move the abdominal segments or produce sounds to scare potential predators. The pupal transformation into a butterfly through <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|metamorphosis] has held great appeal to mankind. To transform from the miniature wings visible on the outside of the pupa into large structures usable for flight, the pupal wings undergo rapid mitosis and absorb a great deal of nutrients. If one wing is surgically removed early on, the other three will grow to a larger size. In the pupa, the wing forms a structure that becomes compressed from top to bottom and pleated from proximal to distal ends as it grows, so that it can rapidly be unfolded to its full adult size. Several boundaries seen in the adult color pattern are marked by changes in the expression of particular transcription factors in the early pupa. ===<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** Adult or imago ** === The adult, sexually mature, stage of the insect is known as the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|imago]. As Lepidoptera, butterflies have four wings that are covered with tiny scales (see photo). The fore and hindwings are not hooked together, permitting a more graceful flight. An adult butterfly has six legs, but in the nymphalids, the first pair is reduced. After it emerges from its pupal stage, a butterfly cannot fly until the wings are unfolded. A newly emerged butterfly needs to spend some time inflating its wings with blood and letting them dry, during which time it is extremely vulnerable to <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|predators]. Some butterflies' wings may take up to three hours to dry while others take about one hour. Most butterflies and moths will excrete excess dye after hatching. This fluid may be white, red, orange, or in rare cases, blue. ==<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> External morphology == //Main article: <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Glossary of Lepidopteran terms] //

<span style="display: block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;">Parts of an adult butterfly

<span style="display: block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; word-wrap: break-word;">Butterflies have two<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|antennae], two compound eyes, and a <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|proboscis] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Adult butterflies have four wings: a forewing and hindwing on both the left and the right side of the body. The body is divided into three segments: the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|head], <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|thorax] , and the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|abdomen]. They have two <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|antennae], two <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|compound eyes] , and a <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|proboscis].

===<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** Scales ** === Butterflies are characterized by their scale-covered wings. The coloration of butterfly wings is created by minute scales. These scales are pigmented with <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|melanins] that give them blacks and browns, but blues, greens, reds and iridescence are usually created not by pigments but the microstructure of the scales. This structural coloration is the result of <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|coherent scattering] of light by the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|photonic crystal] nature of the scales.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[5]][|[6]][|[7]] The scales cling somewhat loosely to the wing and come off easily without harming the butterfly. > || **Photographic and light microscopic images** || <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> || <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> || <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> || || || || > || || Zoomed-out view of an//<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Inachis io] //. || Closeup of the scales of the same specimen. || High magnification of the coloured scales (probably a different species). || || || > || **Electron microscopic images** || || <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> || <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> || <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> || <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> || > || || || A patch of wing || Scales close up || A single scale || Microstructure of a scale || > || **Magnification** || || Approx. ×50 || Approx. ×200 || ×1000 || ×5000 || ||

==<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> Polymorphism == Many adult butterflies exhibit polymorphism, showing differences in appearance. These variations include geographic variants and seasonal forms. In addition many species have females in multiple forms, often with mimetic forms. Sexual dimorphism in coloration and appearance is widespread in butterflies. In addition many species show <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|sexual dimorphism] in the patterns of ultraviolet reflectivity, while otherwise appearing identical to the unaided human eye. Most of the butterflies have a <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|sex-determination system] that is represented as <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|ZW] with females being the heterogametic sex (ZW) and males homogametic (ZZ).<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[8]] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Genetic abnormalities such as <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|gynandromorphy] also occur from time to time. In addition many butterflies are infected by //<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Wolbachia] // and infection by the bacteria can lead to the conversion of males into females<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[9]] or the selective killing of males in the egg stage.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[10]]

===<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** Mimicry ** === <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; clear: right; display: block; float: right; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> The <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Heliconius] butterflies from the tropics of the Western Hemisphere are the classical model for Müllerian mimicry.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[11]] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Batesian] and <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Mullerian mimicry] in butterflies is common. Batesian mimics imitate other species to enjoy the protection of an attribute they do not share, <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|aposematism] in this case. The <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Common Mormon] of India has female morphs which imitate the unpalatable red-bodied swallowtails, the<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Common Rose] and the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Crimson Rose]. Mullerian mimicry occurs when aposematic species evolve to resemble each other, presumably to reduce predator sampling rates, the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Heliconius] butterflies from the Americas being a good example. Wing markings called <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|eyespots] are present in some species; these may have an <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|automimicry] role for some species. In others, the function may be intraspecies communication, such as mate attraction. In several cases, however, the function of butterfly eyespots is not clear, and may be an evolutionary anomaly related to the relative elasticity of the genes that encode the spots.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[12]][|[13]]

===<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** Seasonal polyphenism ** === Many of the tropical butterflies have distinctive seasonal forms. This phenomenon is termed<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|seasonal polyphenism] and the seasonal forms of the butterflies are called the dry-season and wet-season forms. How the season affects the genetic expression of patterns is still a subject of research.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[14]] Experimental modification by ecdysone hormone treatment has demonstrated that it is possible to control the continuum of expression of variation between the wet and dry-season forms.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[15]] The dry-season forms are usually more cryptic and it has been suggested that the protection offered may be an adaptation. Some also show greater dark colours in the wet-season form which may have thermoregulatory advantages by increasing ability to absorb solar radiation.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[16]] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">//Bicyclus anynana// is a species of butterfly that exhibits a clear example of seasonal <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|polyphenism]. These butterflies, endemic to Africa, have two distinct phenotypic forms that alternate according to the season. The wet-season forms have large, very apparent ventral eyespots whereas the dry-season forms have very reduced, oftentimes nonexistent, ventral eyespots. Larvae that develop in hot, wet conditions develop into wet-season adults where as those growing in the transition from the wet to the dry season, when the temperature is declining, develop into dry-season adults.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[17]] This polyphenism has an adaptive role in //B. anynana//. In the dry-season it is disadvantageous to have conspicuous eyespots because //B. anynana// blend in with the brown vegetation better without eyespots. By not developing eyespots in the dry-season they can more easily camouflage themselves in the brown brush. This minimizes the risk of visually mediated predation. In the wet-season, these brown butterflies cannot as easily rely on cryptic coloration for protection because the background vegetation is green. Thus, eyespots, which may function to decrease predation, are beneficial for //B. anynana// to express.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[18]]

==<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> Habits == <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; clear: right; display: block; float: right; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> Antennal shape in the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Lepidoptera] from C. T. Bingham (1905) <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> The <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Australian painted lady] feeding on a flowering shrub <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Butterflies feed primarily on <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|nectar] from flowers. Some also derive nourishment from <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|pollen] ,<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[19]] tree sap, rotting fruit, dung, decaying flesh, and dissolved minerals in wet sand or dirt. Butterflies are important as pollinators for some species of plants although in general they do not carry as much pollen load as <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|bees]. They are however capable of moving pollen over greater distances.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[20]] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Flower constancy] has been observed for at least one species of <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|butterfly] .<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[21]] As adults, butterflies consume only liquids and these are sucked by means of their <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|proboscis]. They feed on <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|nectar] from flowers and also sip water from damp patches. This they do for water, for energy from sugars in nectar and for sodium and other minerals which are vital for their reproduction. Several species of butterflies need more <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|sodium] than provided by <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|nectar]. They are attracted to sodium in <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|salt] and they sometimes land on people, attracted by human sweat. Besides damp patches, some butterflies also visit dung, rotting fruit or carcasses to obtain minerals and nutrients. In many species, this <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|mud-puddling] behaviour is restricted to the males, and studies have suggested that the nutrients collected are provided as a nuptial gift along with the spermatophore during mating.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[22]] Butterflies sense the air for scents, wind and nectar using their antennae. The antennae come in various shapes and colours. The hesperids have a pointed angle or hook to the antennae, while most other families show knobbed antennae. The antennae are richly covered with sensillae. A butterfly's sense of <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|taste] is coordinated by chemoreceptors on the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|tarsi], or feet, which work only on contact, and are used to determine whether an egg-laying insect's offspring will be able to feed on a leaf before eggs are laid on it.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[23]] Many butterflies use chemical signals, <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|pheromones] , and specialized scent scales (androconia) and other structures (coremata or 'Hair pencils' in the Danaidae) are developed in some species. Vision is well developed in butterflies and most species are sensitive to the ultraviolet spectrum. Many species show sexual dimorphism in the patterns of UV reflective patches.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[24]] Color vision may be widespread but has been demonstrated in only a few species.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[25]][|[26]] Some butterflies have organs of hearing and some species are also known to make stridulatory and clicking sounds.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[27]] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border: 1px solid #cccccc; clear: left; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: left; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 222px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> Monarch butterflies <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Many butterflies, such as the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Monarch butterfly], are <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|migratory] and capable of long distance flights. They migrate during the day and use the sun to orient themselves. They also perceive polarized light and use it for orientation when the sun is hidden.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[28]] Many species of butterfly maintain territories and actively chase other species or individuals that may stray into them. Some species will bask or perch on chosen perches. The flight styles of butterflies are often characteristic and some species have courtship flight displays. Basking is an activity which is more common in the cooler hours of the morning. Many species will orient themselves to gather heat from the sun. Some species have evolved dark wingbases to help in gathering more heat and this is especially evident in alpine forms.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[29]]

==<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> Flight == <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; clear: right; display: block; float: right; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> //Heteronympha merope// taking off //See also <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Insect flight] // <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Like many other members of the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|insect] world, the lift generated by butterflies is more than what can be accounted for by steady-state, non-transitory <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|aerodynamics]. Studies using //<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Vanessa atalanta] // in a windtunnel show that they use a wide variety of aerodynamic mechanisms to generate force. These include wake capture, vortices at the wing edge, rotational mechanisms and Weis-Fogh 'clap-and-fling' mechanisms. The butterflies were also able to change from one mode to another rapidly.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[30]]

===<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** Migration ** === <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; clear: right; display: block; float: right; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> The <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Monarch butterfly] migrates large distances //Main article: <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Lepidoptera migration] // //See also <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Insect migration] // <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Many butterflies migrate over long distances. Particularly famous migrations are those of the<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Monarch butterfly] from <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Mexico] to northern <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|USA] and southern <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Canada], a distance of about 4000 to 4800 km (2500–3000 miles). Other well known migratory species include the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Painted Lady] and several of the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Danaine] butterflies. Spectacular and large scale migrations associated with the<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Monsoons] are seen in peninsular <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|India] .<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[31]] Migrations have been studied in more recent times using wing tags and also using stable hydrogen isotopes.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[32]][|[33]] Butterflies have been shown to navigate using time compensated sun compasses. They can see polarized light and therefore orient even in cloudy conditions. The polarized light in the region close to the ultraviolet spectrum is suggested to be particularly important.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[34]] It is suggested that most migratory butterflies are those that belong to semi-arid areas where breeding seasons are short.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[35]] The life-histories of their host plants also influence the strategies of the butterflies.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[36]]

==<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> Defense == <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; clear: right; display: block; float: right; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 172px;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> The wings of a butterfly (Leopard Lacewing //<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Cethosia cyane] //) become increasingly damaged as it ages, and do not repair //See also <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Defense in insects] // <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Butterflies are threatened in their early stages by <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|parasitoids] and in all stages by <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|predators], diseases and environmental factors. They protect themselves by a variety of means. Chemical defenses are widespread and are mostly based on chemicals of plant origin. In many cases the plants themselves evolved these toxic substances as <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|protection] against herbivores. Butterflies have evolved mechanisms to <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|sequester] these plant toxins and use them instead in their own defense.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[37]] These defense mechanisms are effective only if they are also well advertised and this has led to the evolution of bright colours in unpalatable butterflies. This signal may be <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|mimicked] by other butterflies. These mimetic forms are usually restricted to the females. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border: 1px solid #cccccc; clear: right; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 222px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> Eyespots on the wings of this butterfly are part of the animal's defense <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Cryptic coloration is found in many butterflies. Some like the oakleaf butterfly are remarkable imitations of leaves.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[38]] As caterpillars, many defend themselves by freezing and appearing like sticks or branches. Some papilionid caterpillars resemble bird dropping in their early instars. Some caterpillars have hairs and bristly structures that provide protection while others are gregarious and form dense aggregations. Some species also form associations with ants and gain their protection (See <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Myrmecophile] ). Behavioural defenses include perching and wing positions to avoid being conspicuous. Some female Nymphalid butterflies are known to guard their eggs from parasitoid wasps.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[39]] Eyespots and tails are found in many lycaenid butterflies and these divert the attention of predators from the more vital head region. An alternative theory is that these cause ambush predators such as <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|spiders] to approach from the wrong end and allow for early visual detection.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[40]] A butterfly's hind wings are thought to allow the butterfly to take swift, tight turns to evade predators.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[41]]

==<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> Notable species == <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; clear: right; display: block; float: right; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> Rusty-tipped Page (//<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Siproeta epaphus] //), Butterfly World (Florida) <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">There are between 15,000 and 20,000 <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|species] of butterflies worldwide. Some well-known species from around the world include:


 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Swallowtails] and <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Birdwings], Family **<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Papilionidae] **
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Common Yellow Swallowtail], //Papilio machaon//
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Spicebush Swallowtail], //Papilio troilus//
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Lime Butterfly], //Papilio demoleus//
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|//Ornithoptera//] genus (Birdwings; the largest butterflies)


 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Whites] and Yellows, Family **<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Pieridae] **
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Small White], //Pieris rapae//
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Green-veined White], //Pieris napi//
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Common Jezebel], //Delias eucharis//


 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Blues and Coppers] or Gossamer-Winged Butterflies, Family **<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Lycaenidae] **
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Xerces Blue], //Glaucopsyche xerces// (extinct)
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Karner Blue], //Lycaeides melissa samuelis// (endangered)
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Red Pierrot], //Talicada nyseus//


 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Metalmark butterflies], Family **<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Riodinidae] **
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Duke of Burgundy], //Hamearis lucina//
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Plum Judy], //Abisara echerius//


 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Brush-footed butterflies], Family **<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Nymphalidae] **
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Painted Lady], or Cosmopolitan, //Vanessa cardui//
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Monarch butterfly], //Danaus plexippus//
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|//Morpho//] genus
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Speckled Wood], //Pararge aegeria//


 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Skippers], Family **<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Hesperiidae] **
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Mallow Skipper], //Carcharodus alceae//
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Zabulon Skipper], //Poanes zabulon//

==<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> In culture == ===<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** Art ** === Artistic depictions of butterflies have been used in many cultures including Egyptian hieroglyphs 3500 years ago.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[42]] In the ancient <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Mesoamerican] city of <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Teotihuacan], the brilliantly colored image of the butterfly was carved into many temples, buildings, jewelry, and emblazoned on <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|incense burners] in particular. The butterfly was sometimes depicted with the maw of a <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|jaguar] and some species were considered to be the reincarnations of the souls of dead warriors. The close association of butterflies to <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|fire] and warfare persisted through to the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Aztec civilization] and evidence of similar jaguar-butterfly images has been found among the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Zapotec], and <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Mayan] civilizations.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[43]] Today, butterflies are widely used in various objects of art and jewelry: mounted in frame, embedded in resin, displayed in bottles, laminated in paper, and used in some mixed media artworks and furnishings.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[44]] Butterflies have also inspired the "butterfly <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|fairy] " as an art and fictional character, including in the //<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Barbie Mariposa] // film. ===<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** Symbolism ** === According to //<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things] //, by <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Lafcadio Hearn], a butterfly was seen in Japan as the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|personification] of a person's soul; whether they be living, dying, or already dead. One Japanese superstition says that if a butterfly enters your guestroom and perches behind the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|bamboo] screen, the person whom you most love is coming to see you. However, large numbers of butterflies are viewed as bad <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|omens]. When <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Taira no Masakado] was secretly preparing for his famous revolt, there appeared in <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Kyoto] so vast a swarm of butterflies that the people were frightened — thinking the apparition to be a portent of coming evil.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[45]] The Russian word for "butterfly", бабочка (//bábochka//), also means "<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|bow tie] ". It is a diminutive of "baba" or "babka" (= "woman, grandmother,<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|cake] "), whence also "babushka" = "<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|grandmother] ". The Ancient Greek word for "butterfly" is ψυχή (//psȳchē//), which primarily means "<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|soul] ", "<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|mind] ".<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[46]] According to Mircea Eliade's //Encyclopedia of Religion//, some of the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Nagas] of <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Manipur] trace their ancestry from a butterfly.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[47]] <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; clear: right; display: block; float: right; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 172px;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> Butterfly and Chinese<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|wisteriaflowers], by Xü Xi (c.886–c.975), painted around 970 during the early <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Song Dynasty]. In <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Chinese culture] two butterflies flying together are a symbol of love. Also a famous Chinese folk story called <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterfly Lovers]. The <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Taoist] philosopher <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Zhuangzi] once had a dream of being a butterfly flying without care about humanity, however when he woke up and realized it was just a dream, he thought to himself "Was I before a man who dreamt about being a butterfly, or am I now a butterfly who dreams about being a man?" In some old cultures, butterflies also symbolize <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|rebirth] into a new life after being inside a cocoon for a period of time. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Jose Rizal] delivered a speech in 1884 in a banquet and mentioned "the Oriental chrysalis ... is about to leave its cocoon" comparing the emergence of a "new Philippines" with that of butterfly metamorphosis.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[48]] He has also often used the butterfly imagery in his poems and other writings to express the Spanish Colonial Filipinos' longing for liberty.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[49]] Much later, in a letter to <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Ferdinand Blumentritt], Rizal compared his life in exile to a weary butterfly with sun-burnt wings.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[50]] <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; clear: right; display: block; float: right; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 172px;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> Der Schmetterlingsjäger (The butterfly hunter) by <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Carl Spitzweg] (1840), a depiction from the era of butterfly collection. Some people say that when a butterfly lands on you it means good luck. However, in<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Devonshire], people would traditionally rush around to kill the first butterfly of the year that they see, or else face a year of bad luck.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[51]] Also, in the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Philippines] , a lingering black butterfly or moth in the house is taken to mean that someone in the family has died or will soon die.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[52]] The idiom "<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|butterflies in the stomach] " is used to describe a state of nervousness. In the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|NBC] television show <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|//Kings//], butterflies are the national symbol of the fictional nation of Gilboa and a sign of God's favor. ===<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** Technological inspiration ** === Researches on the wing structure of <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Palawan Birdwing] butterflies led to new wide wingspan kite and aircraft designs.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[53]] Studies on the reflection and scattering of light by the scales on wings of swallowtail butterflies led to the innovation of more efficient <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|light-emitting diodes] .<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[54]] The structural coloration of butterflies is inspiring nanotechnology research to produce paints that do not use toxic pigments and in the development of new display technologies. The discoloration and health of butterflies in butterfly farms, is now being studied for use as indicators of air quality in several cities. ==<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> See also == ===<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** Lists ** ===
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterfly Alphabet]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterfly zoo]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Differences between butterflies and moths]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Florida Museum of Natural History#McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Moth]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|List of butterflies of Great Britain]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|List of butterflies of India]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|List of butterflies of Menorca]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|List of butterflies of North America]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|List of butterflies in Taiwan]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|List of butterflies of Tobago]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|List of Australian butterflies]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|List of butterflies of Victoria]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|List of butterflies of Tasmania]

==<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> Field guides to butterflies == Some <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|field guides] to butterfly species include:<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[55]] ==<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> Cited references ==
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|List of U.S. state butterflies]
 * //Butterflies of North America//, Jim P. Brock and Kenn Kaufman (2003)
 * //Butterflies through Binoculars: The East//, Jeffrey Glassberg (1999)
 * //Butterflies through Binoculars: The West//, Jeffrey Glassberg (2001)
 * //A Field Guide to Eastern Butterflies//, Paul Opler (1994)
 * //A Field Guide to Western Butterflies//, Paul Opler (1999)
 * //Peterson First Guide to Butterflies and Moths//, Paul Opler (1994)
 * //Las Mariposas de Machu Picchu// by Gerardo Lamas (2003)
 * //The Millennium Atlas of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland// by Jim Asher (Editor), et al.
 * //Pocket Guide to the Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland// by Richard Lewington
 * //Butterflies of Britain and Europe// (Collins Wildlife Trust Guides) by Michael Chinery
 * //Butterflies of Europe// by Tom Tolman and Richard Lewington (2001)
 * //Butterflies of Europe New Field Guide and Key// by Tristan Lafranchis (2004)
 * //Butterflies of Lebanon// by Torben B. Larsen. Beirut. (1974)
 * //The butterflies of Saudi Arabia and its neighbours//. by Torben B. Laren (Stacey intl.) (1984)
 * //The butterflies of Egypt// by Torben B. Larsen (Apollo Books, Denmark). (1990)
 * //Field Guide to Butterlies of South Africa// by Steve Woodhall (2005)
 * //The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history// by Torben B. Larsen (OUP) (1991)
 * //Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History// by Meena Haribal (1994).
 * //Butterflies of Peninsular India// by Krushnamegh Kunte, Universities Press (2005).
 * //Butterflies of the Indian Region// by Col M. A. Wynter-Blyth, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India (1957).
 * //A Guide to Common Butterflies of Singapore// by Steven Neo Say Hian (Singapore Science Centre)
 * //Butterflies of West Malaysia and Singapore// by W.A.Fleming. (Longman Malaysia)
 * //The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula// by A.S. Corbet and H. M. Pendlebury. (The Malayan Nature Society)
 * //Butterflies of West Africa// (two vols.) by Torben B. Larsen. (Apollo Books, Denmark) (2005)
 * //Oxford Butterflies of India// by Thomas Gray, I.D.Kehimkar, J Punetha, <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Oxford University Press] (2008)


 * 1) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Powell, J. A. (1987). "Records of prolonged diapause in Lepidoptera". //J. Res. Lepid// **25**: 83–109.
 * 2) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Devries, P.J. (1988). "The larval ant-organs of Thisbe irenea (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) and their effects upon attending ants".//Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society// **94**: 379.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1111/j.1096-3642.1988.tb01201.x].
 * 3) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Devries, Pj (Jun 1990). "Enhancement of Symbioses Between Butterfly Caterpillars and Ants by Vibrational Communication.".//Science// **248** (4959): 1104–1106.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1126/science.248.4959.1104] . <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|17733373].
 * 4) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Ehrlich, P. R.; Raven, P. H. (1964). <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|"Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution"] . //Evolution// **18** (4): 586–608.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.2307/2406212].
 * 5) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Mason, C. W. (1927). //The Journal of Physical Chemistry// **31**: 321.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1021/j150273a001].
 * 6) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Vukusic, P., J. R. Sambles, and H. Ghiradella (2000) Optical Classification of Microstructure in Butterfly Wing-scales. Photonics Science News, 6, 61-66, <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|EX.ac.uk]
 * 7) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Prum, Ro; Quinn, T; Torres, Rh (Feb 2006). <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|"Anatomically diverse butterfly scales all produce structural colours by coherent scattering."] (Free full text). //The Journal of experimental biology//**209** (Pt 4): 748–65. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1242/jeb.02051] . <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|ISSN] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|0022-0949] .<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|16449568].
 * 8) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Traut, W; Marec, F (Aug 1997). "Sex chromosome differentiation in some species of Lepidoptera (Insecta).". //Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology//**5** (5): 283–91. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1023/B:CHRO.0000038758.08263.c3] .<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|ISSN] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|0967-3849] . <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|9292232].
 * 9) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Rousset, F; Bouchon, D; Pintureau, B; Juchault, P; Solignac, M (Nov 1992). "Wolbachia endosymbionts responsible for various alterations of sexuality in arthropods.". //Proceedings. Biological sciences / the Royal Society// **250** (1328): 91–8.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1098/rspb.1992.0135] . <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|ISSN] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|0962-8452] .<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|1361987].
 * 10) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Jiggins, Francis M; Hurst, GD; Schulenburg, JH; Majerus, ME (2001). "Two male-killing Wolbachia strains coexist within a population of the butterfly Acraea encedon". //Heredity// **86** (Pt 2): 161.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00804.x] . <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|11380661].
 * 11) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Meyer, A (Oct 2006). <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|"Repeating patterns of mimicry."] (Free full text). //PLoS biology// **4** (10): e341.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341] . <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|ISSN] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|1544-9173] .<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMC] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|1617347] . <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|17048984].
 * 12) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Brunetti CR et al. (10 2001). "The generation and diversification of butterfly eyespot color patterns.". //J. of Cell Biology// **11** (20): 1578–85. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|11676917 : 11676917].
 * 13) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Brakefield, PM et al. (1996). "Development, plasticity and evolution of butterfly eyespot patterns.". //Nature// **384** (384): 236–242.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1038/384236a0] . <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|12809139].
 * 14) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Brakefield, Pm; Kesbeke, F; Koch, Pb (Dec 1998). "The regulation of phenotypic plasticity of eyespots in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana.". //The American naturalist// **152** (6): 853–60.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1086/286213] . <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|ISSN] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|0003-0147] . <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|18811432].
 * 15) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Nijhout, Hf (Jan 2003). "Development and evolution of adaptive polyphenisms.". //Evolution & development// **5** (1): 9–18.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1046/j.1525-142X.2003.03003.x] . <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|ISSN] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|1520-541X] .<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|12492404].
 * 16) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Brakefield, PAUL M.; Larsen, Torben B. (1984). "The evolutionary significance of dry and wet season forms in some tropical butterflies". //Biological Journal of the Linnean Society// **22**: 1.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1111/j.1095-8312.1984.tb00795.x].
 * 17) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Lyytinen, A.; Brakefield, P. M.; Lindström, L.; Mappes, J. (2004). "Does predation maintain eyespot plasticity in Bicyclus anynana".//The Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences// **271**: 279–283. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1098/rspb.2003.2571].
 * 18) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Brakefield, P. M.; Gates, J.; Keys, D.; Kesbeke, F.; Wijngaarden, P. J.; Monteiro, A.; French, V.; Carroll, S. B. (1996). "Development, plasticity and evolution of butterfly eyespot patterns". //Nature// **384**(6606): 236–242. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1038/384236a0] . <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|12809139].
 * 19) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Gilbert LE (1972). <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|"Pollen feeding and reproductive biology of//Heliconius// butterflies"] . //Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences// **69**: 1402–1407. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1073/pnas.69.6.1403].
 * 20) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Herrera, C.M. (1987). <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">[|"Components of pollinator "quality": comparative analysis of a diverse insect assemblage."] . //Oikos//(Oikos, Vol. 50, No. 1) **50** (1): 79–90. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.2307/3565403] .<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|JSTOR] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|3565403].
 * 21) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Goulson D., Ollerton J., Sluman C. (1997). "Foraging strategies in the small skipper butterfly, //Thymelicus flavus//: when to switch?".//Animal Behavior// **53**: 1009–1016. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1006/anbe.1996.0390].
 * 22) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Molleman, Freerk; Grunsven, Roy H. A.; Liefting, Maartje; Zwaan, BAS J.; Brakefield, Paul M. (2005). "Is male puddling behaviour of tropical butterflies targeted at sodium for nuptial gifts or activity?".//Biol. J. Linn. Soc.// **86** (3): 345–361. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00539.x].
 * 23) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|"Article on San Diego Zoo website"] . Sandiegozoo.org . Retrieved 2009-03-30.
 * 24) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Obara Y, Hidaki T. (1968). "Recognition of the female by the male, on the basis of ultra-violet reflection, in the white cabbage butterfly //Pieris rapae crucivora//". //Boisduval. Proc. Japan Acad.// **44**: 829–832.
 * 25) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Hirota, Tadao; Yoshiomi, Yoshiomi (2004). <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|"Color discrimination on orientation of female //Eurema hecabe// (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)"] . //Applied Entomology and Zoology// **39**: 229–233.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1303/aez.2004.229].
 * 26) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Kinoshita, Michiyo; Shimada, Naoko; Arikawa, Kentaro (1999).<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">[|"Color vision of the foraging swallowtail butterfly //Papilio xuthus//"] .//The Journal of Experimental Biology// **202**: 95–102.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|9851899].
 * 27) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Swihart, S. L (1967). "Hearing in butterflies". //J. Insect Physiol// **13**(3): 469–472. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1016/0022-1910(67)90085-6].
 * 28) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Reppert, Steven M.; Zhu, Haisun; White, Richard H. (2004). "Polarized light helps monarch butterflies navigate". //Current biology// **14** (2): 155–158. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1016/j.cub.2003.12.034] .<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|14738739].
 * 29) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Ellers J., Boggs Carol L. (2002). <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">[|"The evolution of wing color in//Colias// butterflies: Heritability, Sex Linkage, and population divergence"] . //Evolution// **56** (4): 836–840. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|12038541].
 * 30) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Srygley R. B., Thomas A. L. R. (2002). <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">[|"Aerodynamics of insect flight: flow visualisations with free flying butterflies reveal a variety of unconventional lift-generating mechanisms"] (PDF). //Nature//**420** (6916): 660–664. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1038/nature01223] .<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|12478291].
 * 31) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Williams, C. B. (1927). "A study of butterfly migration in south India and Ceylon, based largely on records by Messrs. G Evershed, E.E.Green, J.C.F. Fryer and W. Ormiston". //Trans. Ent. Soc. London// **75**: 1–33.
 * 32) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Urquhart F. A., Urquhart N. R. (1977). "Overwintering areas and migratory routes of the Monarch butterfly (//Danaus p. plexippus//, Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in North America, with special reference to the western population". //Can. Ent.// **109**: 1583–1589.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.4039/Ent1091583-12].
 * 33) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Wassenaar L.I., Hobson K.A. (1998). <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|"Natal origins of migratory monarch butterflies at wintering colonies in Mexico: new isotopic evidence"] . //Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.// **95** (26): 15436–9.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1073/pnas.95.26.15436] . <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMC] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|28060] .<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|9860986].
 * 34) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Sauman Ivo, Briscoe Adriana D., Zhu Haisun, Shi Dingding, Froy Oren, Stalleicken Julia, Yuan Quan, Casselman Amy et al. (2005).<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|"Connecting the Navigational Clock to Sun Compass Input in Monarch Butterfly Brain"] . //Neuron// **46** (3): 457–467.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1016/j.neuron.2005.03.014] . <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|15882645].
 * 35) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Southwood, T. R. E. (1962). "Migration of terrestrial arthropods in relation to habitat". //Biol. Rev.// **37**: 171–214. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1111/j.1469-185X.1962.tb01609.x].
 * 36) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Dennis R L H, Shreeve Tim G., Arnold Henry R., Roy David B. (2005). "Does diet breadth control herbivorous insect distribution size? Life history and resource outlets for specialist butterflies".//Journal of Insect Conservation// **9** (3): 187–200.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1007/s10841-005-5660-x].
 * 37) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Nishida, Ritsuo (2002). "Sequestration of defensive substances from plants by Lepidoptera". //Annu. Rev. Entomol// **47**: 57–92.<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145121] .<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|11729069].
 * 38) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Robbins, Robert K. (1981). "The "False Head" Hypothesis: Predation and Wing Pattern Variation of Lycaenid Butterflies".//American Naturalist// **118** (5): 770–775. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1086/283868].
 * 39) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Nafus, D. M. and I. H. Schreiner (1988) Parental care in a tropical nymphalid butterfly //Hypolimas anomala//. Anim. Behav. 36: 1425- 143
 * 40) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** William E. Cooper, Jr. (1998) Conditions favoring anticipatory and reactive displays deflecting predatory attack. //Behavioral Ecology//
 * 41) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|Hind Wings Help Butterflies Make Swift Turns to Evade Predators] Newswise, Retrieved on January 8, 2008.
 * 42) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Larsen, Torben (1994) Butterflies of Egypt. Saudi Aramco world. 45(5):24-27 <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|Online]
 * 43) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. Miller, Mary 1993 Thames & Hudson. London <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|ISBN 978-0-500-27928-1]
 * 44) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|"Table complete with real butterflies embedded in resin"] . Mfjoe.com . Retrieved 2009-03-30.
 * 45) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Hearn, Lafcadio] (1904). //Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Thing//. Dover Publications, Inc.. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|ISBN] [|0-486-21901-1].
 * 46) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Hutchins, M., Arthur V. Evans, Rosser W. Garrison and Neil Schlager (Eds) (2003) Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volume 3, Insects, Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, 2003.
 * 47) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Rabuzzi, M. 1997. Butterfly etymology. Cultural Entomology November 1997 Fourth issue <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|online]
 * 48) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|"The Best Known Speech of Jose Rizal"] . Joserizal.info . Retrieved 2009-03-30.
 * 49) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|"The Life and Writings of Dr. Jose Rizal"] . Joserizal.info . Retrieved 2009-03-30.
 * 50) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|"193. Rizal, Dapitan, 19 December 1898"] . Univie.ac.at . Retrieved 2009-03-30.
 * 51) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|Dorset Chronicle], May 1825, reprinted in: <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|"The First Butterfly"] , in //The Every-day Book and Table Book; or, Everlasting Calendar of Popular Amusements, Sports, Pastimes, Ceremonies, Manners, Customs, and Events, Each of the Three Hundred and Sixty-Five Days, in Past and Present Times; Forming a Complete History of the Year, Months, and Seasons, and a Perpetual Key to the Almanac, Including Accounts of the Weather, Rules for Health and Conduct, Remarkable and Important Anecdotes, Facts, and Notices, in Chronology, Antiquities, Topography, Biography, Natural History, Art, Science, and General Literature; Derived from the Most Authentic Sources, and Valuable Original Communication, with Poetical Elucidations, for Daily Use and Diversion. Vol III.//, ed. William Hone, (London: 1838) p 678.
 * 52) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|"Death practices Philippine style"] . Sunstar.com.ph. 2005-10-30 . Retrieved 2009-03-30.
 * 53) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|"An Introduction to The World of Birdwing Butterflies"] . Nagypal.net. 2000-05-28 . Retrieved 2009-03-30.
 * 54) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Vukusic, Pete and Ian Hooper. 2005. Directionally Controlled Fluorescence Emission in Butterflies Science. 310(5751):1151 DOI: 10.1126/science.1116612
 * 55) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** For a more comprehensive list, see the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|International Field Guides] database

==<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> Other references == ==<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> External links == //**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #3366bb; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterflies] **// (<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #3366bb; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|category] ) ||
 * Boggs, C., Watt, W., Ehrlich, P. 2003. Butterflies: Evolution and Ecology Taking Flight. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|University of Chicago Press], Chicago, USA.
 * Darby, Gene, 1958. What Is A Butterfly. Chicago, <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Benefic Press] . pp. 5 – 48.
 * Heppner, J. B. 1998. Classification of Lepidoptera. //Holarctic Lepidoptera//, Suppl. 1.
 * Monteiro A., Pierce N. E. (2001). "Phylogeny of Bicyclus (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae) inferred from COI, COII, and EF-1 alpha gene sequences". //Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution// **18** (2): 264–281. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1006/mpev.2000.0872] . <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|11161761].
 * Nemos, F. ca. 1895. Europas bekannteste Schmetterlinge. Beschreibung der wichtigsten Arten und Anleitung zur Kenntnis und zum Sammeln der Schmetterlinge und Raupen Oestergaard Verlag, Berlin, <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|(pdf 77MB)]
 * Peña, C.; Waklberg, N.; Weingartner, E.; Kodandaramaiah, U.; Nylin, S.; Freitas, A. V. L.; Brower, A. V. Z. (2006). "Higher level phylogeny of Satyrinae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on DNA sequence data". //Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution// **40**(1): 29–49. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.007] . <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|16563805].
 * Pyle, R. M. 1992. Handbook for Butterfly Watchers. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Houghton Mifflin] . First published, 1984. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|ISBN 0-395-61629-8]
 * Stevens, M. (2005). "The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera". //Biological Reviews//**80** (4): 573–588. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|doi] :<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|10.1017/S1464793105006810] . <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|PMID] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|16221330].
 * = [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png width="30" height="40"]] || <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|Wikimedia Commons] has media related to:

===<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** Regional lists ** === ===<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** Images/Movies ** ===
 * = [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png width="37" height="40"]] || Look up //**<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #3366bb; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterfly] **// in <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|Wiktionary], the free dictionary. ||
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|The Royal Horticultural Society butterfly exhibition]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Papilionoidea on the Tree of Life Web project]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterflies] on the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|UF] / <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|IFAS] Featured Creatures Web site
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|Literaturatenbank] Free downloads
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|Collodi Butterfly House] Tuscany
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterflies and Moths of North America]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterflies of America]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterflies of Canada]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|North American Butterfly Association (NABA)]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterflies and Moths in the Netherlands]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterflies of Spain and Portugal]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Insect and butterfly diversity of Pakistan]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterflies of the Philippines]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterflies of Southern India]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterflies of Sri Lanka]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterflies of Singapore]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Israel Insect World]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Singapore Butterfly Checklist]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterfly Conservation Society of Taiwan]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterflies of Morocco]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterflies of Indo-China] Chiefly Thailand, Laos and Vietnam.
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterflies of Southeastern Sulawesi]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|Naturalis] Butterflies of Sulawesi (Illustrated pdf)
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterflies of Thailand]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterflies of Mexico]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterflies of Ghana]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|BugGuide.net Many images of North American butterflies, many licensed via Creative Commons]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterfly Pictures and Information]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterfly of Brazil]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Reference quality large format photographs, common butterflies of North America]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Gallery of Florida Butterflies and Moths]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterfly Picture Gallery]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Photographs of most of the Butterflies in Southern California]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterflies of Southern Illinois]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterflies of France]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterflies of Spain and Portugal]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Butterfly Movies (Tree of Life)]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|1000+ photos of Massachusetts butterflies]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|European butterfly pictures - common names and wildlife photography]
 * <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|Online videos of Skippers of the Northeast-USA]

[]