Mind-map+Info

**Information that Joyce found (Not My Work)**
**[]** = = = = =<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">熱帶雨林 = 维基百科，自由的百科全书 **熱帶雨林**（[|英語] ：**Tropical rainforest**）是[|地球] 上一種常見於約[|北緯] 10度、[|南緯] 10度之間[|熱帶地區] 的[|生物群系] ，主要分布於[|東南亞] 、[|澳大利亞] 、[|南美洲][|亞馬遜河][|流域] 、[|非洲][|剛果河][|流域] 、[|中美洲] 、[|墨西哥] 和眾多[|太平洋島嶼]. 根據[|世界自然基金會] 對各種生物群落的分類，熱帶雨林，或[|熱帶濕潤闊葉林] （Tropical moist broadleaf forest），亦可被歸類為<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|赤道低地常綠雨林] （lowland equatorial evergreen rainforest），因此熱帶雨林又稱**赤道雨林**. 熱帶雨林地區長年<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|氣候] 炎熱，雨水充足，正常年<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|雨量] 大約為1,750毫米至2,000毫米，全年每月平均<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|氣溫] 超過18<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|℃] （64<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|℉] ）<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[1]] ，季節差異極不明顯，<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|生物群落演替] 速度極快，是地球上過半數<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|動物] 、<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|植物][|物種] 的棲息居所. 由於現時有超過四分之一的現代<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|藥物] 是由熱帶雨林植物所提煉，所以熱帶雨林也被稱為「世界上最大的藥房」<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[2]]. 雖然熱帶雨林樹木茂密且品種繁雜，形成了龐大的<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|層狀結構] （Layered structure），但實際上由於<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|陽光] 難以穿透層狀結構而到達地面，所以底層灌木叢並不多<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[3]] ，這也為人類及動物徒步穿越樹林提供了便利. 如果這種結構頂層的<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|林冠] 遭到損壞或其他原因而減少，由於熱帶雨林提供了植物優異的生長條件，陽光的照射將使地表很快地被密集而糾纏的<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|藤蔓] 、<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|灌木叢] 、<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|樹苗] 佔據，從而形成了<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|叢林] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[4]]. * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|1 特徵]
 * ==<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: initial none initial; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 0px; width: auto;">**目錄** ==


 * <span style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|1.1 特徵]
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|1.1.1 結構]


 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|1.2 土壤特徵]
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|1.3 氣候特徵]


 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|2 分布]
 * <span style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|3 人類利用]
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|3.1 土地]
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|3.2 居住]
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|3.3 耕種的食物和香料]
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|3.4 醫藥和生化資源]
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|3.5 旅遊業]
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|3.6 出自動物的產物]


 * <span style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|4 自然利用]
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|4.1 生態系統]

==<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal !important; margin-left: 1em;"> 特徵 == ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** 特徵 ** === <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**熱帶雨林**降雨量高，每年降雨量超過2000毫升. 其氣候穩定，由於陽光充足，因些整年基本上都很熱，同時助長了不同種類的植物. 當中的<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|常綠喬木] ，是眾多樹裡最高的，他們組成了最高的一層樹陰. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|喬木] 多<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|板狀根] ，多<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|氣生根] 植物或<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|藤本] 植物等<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|絞殺植物] ，系統分層明顯，喬木高大，植物品種豐富；因為天氣長期溫熱，雨量高，所以植物能持續生長，造成樹木生長密集且長綠. ====<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** 結構 ** ==== ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** 土壤特徵 ** === <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">極<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|富鋁化] ，弱酸至<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|酸性] ，為<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|磚紅壤] 或氧化土，顏色呈紅棕或紅黃色，土層深厚. 成土過程很快,因熱帶雨林中,高溫多雨,分解及風化過程迅速,土層不明顯 ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** 氣候特徵 ** === <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">主要氣候類型(<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|周淑貞氣候分類法] ）為<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|赤道多雨氣候] 和<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|熱帶海洋性氣候]. 因為位於<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|赤道] 附近，熱帶雨林受著猛烈的日照，平均溫度為26℃. 無四季變化，而且降水年內分配較均勻，溼度高. 每日<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|溫差] 平均不大於6℃，全年平均溫差小於3℃. 氣候炎熱，降雨量高（每年平均為2000mm），經常於午後下<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|對流雨]. ==<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal !important; margin-left: 1em;"> 分布 == <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: #cccccc; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: #cccccc; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: #cccccc; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: #cccccc; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; display: block; float: right; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 402px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="border: initial none initial; display: block; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;">  全球熱帶及副熱帶雨林分佈 <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">在南、北回歸線之間大片的陸地中，有近1/3面積覆蓋著原始森林. 由於地處熱帶，稱之為**赤道熱帶雨林**. 根據分布的地方不同，又有**亞熱帶雨林**之分. 熱帶雨林都在南北緯23.5度間，主要位於南北緯10度. 全球近三分之一的熱帶雨林在<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|巴西] 境內，而<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|剛果] 和<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|印度尼西亞] 各佔約一成. 世界最大的熱帶雨林是<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|亞馬遜熱帶雨林]. 世界唯一的<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|原始雨林] 只在<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|馬來西亞]. 當地的<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|雨林] 在130百萬年前就已經形成，簡單來說在<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|冰河時期] 前已經形成. 中國的熱帶雨林主要分布在<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|海南島] 南部和<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|雲南] 的<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|西雙版納] 地區. 地質史上的暖期，熱帶雨林除兩極附近地區外所有的陸地基本都有分布. 熱帶森林只存在於<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|亞洲] 、<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|非洲] 、<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|美洲] 及<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|大洋洲]. 因為其他洲並沒有在<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|南北回歸線] 內.
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|5 參考資料]
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|6 外部連結]
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|7 參見] ||
 * ~ 層 ||~ 高度 ||~ 主要植物 ||~ 其他 ||
 * 露生層 || 36米或以上 || <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|喬木] || 單獨生長，較為分散，有<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|板根] 支撐，須面對<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|蒸騰作用] ||
 * 樹冠層 || 21-35米 ||  || 樹冠橫向生長，形成連續的一層，吸收了雨林中7成陽光和8成雨水 ||
 * 幼樹層 || 11-20米 || 年幼樹木 || 樹幹較幼，樹冠呈橢圓形；依靠林中少量的陽光生長 ||
 * 灌木層 || 6-10米 || <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|蕨] 、<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|叢木] 、<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|灌木] || 多為耐蔭性植物 ||
 * 地面層 || 0-5米 || 小植物如<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|苔蘚] 和<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|地衣] || 幾乎黑暗一片；不連續和茂盛；只在河邊和林地的邊緣，才會較茂盛 ||

<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: #cccccc; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: #cccccc; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: #cccccc; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: #cccccc; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; display: block; float: right; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="border: initial none initial; display: block; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;">  巴西亞馬遜河的熱帶雨林 <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">熱帶森林資源（1990年） 單位：千公頃 ==<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal !important; margin-left: 1em;"> 人類利用 == ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** 土地 ** === <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">熱帶雨林的的土地資源豐富. 很多<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|跨國企業] 都在熱帶雨林買地，砍伐燒毀後，用作**牧牛埸**，以提供牛肉給<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|美國] 等牛肉需求量極大的國家. 而<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|巴西] 等熱帶雨林國家為償還外債，在熱帶雨林興建**大農場**，種植經濟作物，如<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|甘庶] ,<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|棕櫚] 等，出口外國. ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** 居住 ** === <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">熱帶雨林並不適合人口居住，人類很難在熱帶雨林尋到食物. ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** 耕種的食物和香料 ** === <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|咖啡] 、<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|巧克力] 、<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|香蕉] 、<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|芒果] 、<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|番木瓜] 、<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|鮞梨] 和<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|甘蔗] 等所有在種植園的食物，最初來自熱帶雨林，且仍然在增長中. 在1970年代，中美洲咖啡出口總值30億美元. 許多用於防止損傷的基因變異造成的昆蟲，也可從雨林中獲得. 熱帶森林供應了250種類的<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|果子]. 在<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|新幾內亞] 的樹林中，251棵種有可食用的生果中，只有43棵在<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|1985年] 種植的. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[5]] 產自熱帶雨林的朱古力是來自可長出50-60顆種子的可可樹，該些樹是由一種名為「midge」的小蒼蠅傳播花粉的. ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** 醫藥和生化資源 ** === <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">熱帶雨林也稱為「世界上最大的藥房」，原因是大量天然「成藥」均能在熱帶雨林中找到. 例如，熱帶雨林擁有<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|古柯鹼] 、<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|刺激劑] 、<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|荷爾蒙] 避孕法和<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|鎮靜劑] 類藥物的基本成分. 另外，<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|箭毒] （麻痺藥的一種）和<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|奎寧] （醫治<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|瘧疾] 的一種藥物） 也可在熱帶雨林中找到. ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** 旅遊業 ** === <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">現在，熱帶雨林最大的經濟價值之一便是旅遊業. 人們從世界各地到熱帶雨林體驗最直接的感受. 旅遊業所帶來的經濟利益是一種最有希望保存熱帶雨林的方式. ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** 出自動物的產物 ** === <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">熱帶雨林亦提供了為數不少來自動物的產物，例如蜜糖、野味肉類、及相關連的戰利品，如<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|象牙] 和皮革等. ==<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal !important; margin-left: 1em;"> 自然利用 == ===<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** 生態系統 ** === <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">除了吸引人類使用熱帶雨林外，熱帶雨林也有非吸引性用途，非吸引性用途通常被總結為「生態系統」. 熱帶雨林在維持生物邏輯分類上扮演一個重要角色，控制沉澱物滲透和水浸，增加人類的科學知識. 該適用於人類的生態系統，無需任何更新或管理樹林. ==<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal !important; margin-left: 1em;"> 參考資料 ==
 * 地區 || 總計 || 雨林 || 溼潤闊葉林 || 山地林 || 乾闊葉林 || 非常乾 || 沙漠 ||
 * 全球 || 1756299 || 713790 || 591779 || 201417 || 178579 || 59742 || 8086 ||
 * 非洲 || 527586 || 86411 || 251348 || 35256 || 92527 || 58660 || 3385 ||
 * 西沙黑爾 || 40768 || 0 || 14437 || 0 || 13029 || 13285 || 17 ||
 * 東沙黑爾 || 65450 || 0 || 13576 || 12780 || 19784 || 18513 || 797 ||
 * 西非 || 55607 || 3230 || 48523 || 468 || 2583 || 18513 || 0 ||
 * 中非 || 204112 || 78647 || 113564 || 10072 || 1512 || 86 || 0 ||
 * 熱帶南非 || 145868 || 0 || 57267 || 7339 || 53400 || 25291 || 2571 ||
 * 島嶼非洲 || 15782 || 4507 || 3777 || 4596 || 2219 || 682 || 0 ||
 * 亞洲 || 247597 || 148027 || 41797 || 41122 || 40691 || 37 || 2901 ||
 * 南亞 || 63931 || 9850 || 9155 || 14988 || 27119 || 37 || 2781 ||
 * 中南半島 || 75240 || 23719 || 27192 || 10786 || 13499 || 0 || 43 ||
 * 南洋諸島 || 135426 || 114355 || 4779 || 16018 || 73 || 0 || 77 ||
 * 太平洋地區 || 36000 || 29323 || 705 || 5370 || 471 || 0 || 184 ||
 * 美洲 || 918115 || 450162 || 297929 || 119669 || 44944 || 1045 || 1616 ||
 * 中美洲與墨西哥 || 68096 || 11154 || 12267 || 36296 || 1590 || 759 || 1424 ||
 * 加勒比海地區 || 47115 || 31428 || 12991 || 2639 || 49 || 5 || 4 ||
 * 熱帶南美 || 802904 || 406162 || 272235 || 80734 || 43304 || 282 || 188 ||

==<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal !important; margin-left: 1em;"> 外部連結 == ==<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal !important; margin-left: 1em;"> 參見 == = = =Information that Vincent found (Not My Work)=
 * 1) <span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Susan Woodward. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|Tropical broadleaf Evergreen Forest: The rainforest.] Retrieved on 2008-03-14.
 * 2) <span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Rainforest Concern.<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|Why are rainforests important?] Retrieved on 2008-03-14.
 * 3) <span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Michael Ritter. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|The Forest Biome.] . 於2008年3月14日檢閱.
 * 4) <span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|Tropical Rain Forest] . Tropical Rain Forest. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|American Meteorological Society] [2008-05-14].
 * 5) <span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px;">**<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|^] ** Myers, N. 1985. The primary source. W. W. Norton and Co., New York, pp. 189-193.
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|亞太地區最大的熱帶雨林──天堂雨林]
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|綠色和平：工業採伐是雨林消失的主要原因]
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[|熱帶季雨林]

Soil Horizons
Soils develop into layers. These layers, called horizons, can be seen where roads have been cut through hills and other areas where the soil is exposed. The presence and thickness of each horizon varies with location. Under disturbed conditions, such as intensive agriculture, building sites, or where there is severe erosion, some horizons may not be present. The photos on page 6 are profiles of Missouri soils with visible horizons labeled. **O Horizon** The uppermost soil layer is called the organic layer, or O Horizon. It consists of leaf litter and other organic mate­rial on the surface. This layer has a dark color. It is present in undisturbed woodlands. **A Horizon** Below the O Horizon is the A Horizon, or topsoil. It may be referred to as the surface layer in a soil survey report. Usually top­soil is darker than soil in lower horizons. Topsoil is loose and crumbly with varying amounts of organic matter. Topsoil is the most productive layer of soil. **E Horizon** Below the A Horizon is the E Horizon, or subsurface layer soil. The soil in the E Horizon is generally bleached. As water moves through this horizon, soluble minerals and nutri­ents dissolve, and some of the dissolved materials are leached out. The main feature of this horizon is the loss of clay, iron, aluminum and humus, resulting in a concentration of sand and silt particles. **B Horizon** Below the E Horizon is the B Horizon, or subsoil. Subsoil is lighter colored than soil in the A Horizon. It is often more dense and lower in organic matter than the soils in the horizons above it. The subsoil is a zone of accumulation; most of the ma­terials leached from the A and E horizons accumulate in the B Horizon. **C Horizon** Still deeper is the C Horizon, comprised primarily of mineral particles and, sometimes, partially weathered bedrock. It is between the B Horizon and bedrock. **R Horizon** The lowest horizon, the R Hori­zon, is bedrock. Bedrock can be within a few inches of the surface or many feet below the surface.

= **Information that Ingrid found (Not My Work)** = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland

=<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Grassland = <span style="display: block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 978px;"> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia //This article is about vegetation and landscape. For other uses, see [|Grassland (disambiguation)] .// <span style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; display: block; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 247px;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;">  A grassland in the [|Antelope Valley], [|CA] , [|USA]. <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; display: block; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 242px;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;">  The [|Konza] [|tallgrass prairie] in the [|Flint Hills] of northeastern [|Kansas]. <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> An [|Inner Mongolian] grassland in the [|People's Republic of China]. **Grasslands** are areas where the [|vegetation] is dominated by [|grasses] ( [|Poaceae] ) and other [|herbaceous] (non-woody) plants ( [|forbs] ). However, sedge ( [|Cyperaceae] ) and rush ( [|Juncaceae] ) families can also be found. Grasslands occur naturally on all continents except [|Antarctica]. In temperate latitudes, such as northwest [|Europe] and the [|Great Plains] and [|California] in [|North America], native grasslands are dominated by perennial [|bunch grass] species, whereas in warmer climates annual species form a greater component of the vegetation.<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[1]] Grasslands are found in most [|ecological regions] of the earth. For example there are five [|Terrestrial ecoregion] classifications (subdivisions) of the [|Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands] [|Biome] (' [|Ecosystem] '), which is one of eight [|Terrestrial ecozones] of the Earth's surface. [ [|hide] ] * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|1 Introduction]
 * ==<span style="background-image: none; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 0px; width: auto;">**Contents** ==
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|2 Climate]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|3 Grassland biodiversity and conservation]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|4 Human impact and economic importance]
 * <span style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"> [|5 Grassland types ( biomes )]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|5.1 Tropical and subtropical grasslands]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|5.2 Temperate grasslands]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|5.3 Flooded grasslands]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|5.4 Montane grasslands]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|5.5 Tundra grasslands]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|5.6 Desert and xeric grasslands]

==<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> [ [|edit] ] Introduction == Grassland vegetation can vary in height from very short, as in chalk where the vegetation may be less than 30 cm (12 in) high, to quite tall, as in the case of [|North American] [|tallgrass prairie], [|South American] grasslands and [|African] [|savanna]. Woody plants, shrubs or trees, may occur on some grasslands - forming savannas, scrubby nd surface of the continent of [|Africa] .<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[2]] While grasslands in general support diverse wildlife, given the lack of hiding places for predators, the African Savanna regions support a much greater diversity in wildlife than do temperate grasslands.<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[3]] The appearance of mountains in the western [|United States] during the [|Miocene] and [|Pliocene] epochs, a period of some 25 million years, created a continental climate favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Existing forest biomes declined, and grasslands became much more widespread. Following the [|Pleistocene] [|Ice Ages], grasslands expanded in range in the hotter, drier climates, and began to become the dominant land feature worldwide.<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[2]] As flowering plants, grasses grow in great concentrations in climates where annual rainfall ranges between 500 and 900 mm (20 and 35 in).<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[1]] The root systems of perennial grasses and [|forbs] form complex mats that hold the soil in place. [|Mites], insect [|larvae] , [|nematodes] and [|earthworms] inhabit deep soil, which can reach 6 metres (20 ft) underground in undisturbed grasslands on the richest soils of the world. These invertebrates, along with symbiotic fungi, extend the root systems, break apart hard soil, enrich it with [|urea] and other natural fertilizers, trap minerals and water and promote growth.<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[4]] Some types of fungi make the plants more resistant to insect and microbial attacks. ==<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> [ [|edit] ] Climate == Natural grasslands primarily occur in regions that receive between 250 and 900 mm (9.8 and 35 in) of rain per year, as compared with [|deserts], which receive less than 250 mm (9.8 in) and [|tropical rainforests] , which receive more than 2,000 mm (79 in).<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[2]] [|Anthropogenic] grasslands often occur in much higher rainfall zones, as high as 200 cm (79 in) annual rainfall. Grassland can exist naturally in areas with higher rainfall when other factors prevent the growth of forests, such as in [|serpentine barrens], where minerals in the soil inhibit most plants from growing. Average daily temperatures range between -20 and 30 °C.<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[5]] Temperate grasslands have warm summers and cold winters with rain or some snow. ==<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> [ [|edit] ] Grassland biodiversity and conservation == Grasslands dominated by unsown wild-plant communities ("unimproved grasslands") can be called either natural or 'semi-natural' habitats. The majority of grasslands in temperate climates are 'semi-natural'. Although their plant communities are natural, their maintenance depends upon anthropogenic activities such as low-intensity farming, which maintains these grasslands through grazing and cutting regimes. These grasslands contain many species of wild plants - grasses, sedges, rushes and herbs - 25 or more speerican prairie grasslands or lowland wildflower meadows in the UK are now rare and their associated wild flora equally threatened. Associated with the wild-plant diversity of the "unimproved" grasslands is usually a rich invertebrate fauna; also there are many species of birds that are grassland "specialists", such as the [|snipe] and the [|Great Bustard]. Agriculturally improved grasslands, which dominate modern intensive agricultural landscapes, are usually poor in wild plant species due to the original diversity of plants having been destroyed by cultivation, the original wild-plant communities having been replaced by sown monocultures of cultivated varieties of grasses and clovers, such as [|Perennial ryegrass] and [|White Clover]. In many parts of the world "unimproved" grasslands are one of the least threatened habitats, and a target for acquisition by wildlife conservation groups or for special grants to landowners who are encouraged to manage them appropriately. ==<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> [ [|edit] ] Human impact and economic importance == <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; clear: right; display: block; float: right; font-size: 12px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-align: center; width: 222px;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;">  Grassland in [|Cantabria], northern [|Spain]. <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> A restored grassland ecosystem at [|Morton Arboretum] in [|Illinois]. Grasslands are of vital importance for raising livestock for human consumption and for milk and other dairy products. Grassland vegetation remains dominant in a particular area usually due to grazing, cutting, or natural or manmade fires, all discouraging colonisation by and survival of tree and shrub [|seedlings]. Some of the world's largest expanses of grassland are found in African savanna, and these are maintained by wild herbivores as well as by nomadic pastoralists and their cattle, sheep or goats. Grasslands may occur naturally or as the result of human activity. Grasslands created and maintained by human activity are called **anthropogenic grasslands**. Hunting peoples around the world often set regular fires to maintain and extend grasslands, and prevent fire-intolerant trees and shrubs from taking hold. The tallgrass [|prairies] in the American Midwest may have been extended eastward into [|Illinois], [|Indiana] , and [|Ohio] by human agency. Much grassland in northwest Europe developed after the Neolithic Period, when people gradually cleared the forest to create areas for raising their livestock. ==<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> [ [|edit] ] Grassland types ( biomes ) == ===<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** [ [|edit] ] Tropical and subtropical grasslands ** === These grasslands are classified with tropical and subtropical [|savannas] and [|shrublands] as the [|tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome]. Notable tropical and subtropical grasslands include the [|Llanos] grasslands of northern [|South America]. ===<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** [ [|edit] ] Temperate grasslands ** === Mid-latitude grasslands, including the [|Prairie] and [|Pacific Grasslands] of [|North America], the [|Pampas] of [|Argentina] , [|Brazil] and [|Uruguay] , calcareous [|downland] , and the [|steppes] of [|Europe]. They are classified with temperate savannas and shrublands as the [|temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome]. Temperate grasslands are the home to many large [|herbivores], such as [|bison] , [|gazelles] , [|zebras] , [|rhinoceroses] , and [|wild horses]. [|Carnivores] like [|lions], [|wolves] and [|cheetahs] and leopards are also found in temperate grasslands. Other animals of this region include: [|deer], [|prairie dogs] , [|mice] , [|jack rabbits] , [|skunks] , [|coyotes] , [|snakes] , [|fox] , [|owls] , [|badgers] , blackbirds (both [|Old] and [|New World] varieties), [|grasshoppers] , [|meadowlarks] , [|sparrows] , [|quails] , [|hawks] and [|hyenas]. <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; clear: left; display: block; float: left; font-size: 12px; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-align: center; width: 302px;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;">  Negri-Nepote Temperate Grasslands in Jersey ===<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** [ [|edit] ] Flooded grasslands ** === Grasslands that are flooded seasonally or year-round, like the [|Everglades] of [|Florida], the [|Pantanal] of [|Brazil] , [|Bolivia] and [|Paraguay] or the [|Esteros del Ibera] in [|Argentina] .They are classified with flooded savannas as the [|flooded grasslands and savannas biome] and occur mostly in the tropics and subtropics. ===<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** [ [|edit] ] Montane grasslands ** === High-altitude grasslands located on high [|mountain ranges] around the world, like the [|Páramo] of the [|Andes Mountains]. They are part of the [|montane grasslands and shrublands biome] and also constitute [|tundra]. ===<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** [ [|edit] ] Tundra grasslands ** === Similar to montane grasslands, polar [|arctic tundra] can have grasses, but high soil moisture means that few tundras are grass-dominated today. However, during the [|Pleistocene] [|ice ages], a polar grassland known as [|steppe-tundra] occupied large areas of the Northern hemisphere. These are in the [|tundra biome]. ===<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** [ [|edit] ] Desert and xeric grasslands ** === Also called desert grasslands, this is composed of sparse grassland ecoregions located in the [|deserts and xeric shrublands biome]. ==<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> [ [|edit] ] Fauna == Grassland in all its form supports a vast variety of mammals, reptiles, birds, and insects. Typical large mammals include the [|Blue Wildebeest], [|American Bison] , [|Giant Anteater] and [|Przewalski's Horse]. There is evidence for grassland being much the product of animal behaviour and movement;<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[6]] some examples include migratory herds of antelope trampling vegetation and [|African Bush Elephants] eating [|Acacia] saplings before the plant has a chance to grow into a mature tree. ==<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> [ [|edit] ] See also ==
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|6 Fauna]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|7 See also]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|8 References]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|9 Wikimedia link]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|10 Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregions] ||

==<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> [ [|edit] ] References ==
 * [|Appalachian bald]
 * [|Bunch grass]
 * [|Bushveld]
 * [|Coastal plain]
 * [|Cerrado]
 * [|Dambo]
 * [|Desert]
 * [|Field]
 * [|Flooded grasslands and savannas]
 * [|Flood-meadow]
 * [|Llanos]
 * [|Meadow]
 * [|Pacific grasslands]
 * [|Pampa]
 * [|Pasture]
 * [|Plain]
 * [|Plateau]
 * [|Prairie]
 * [|Savanna]
 * [|Sods]
 * [|Steppe]
 * [|Taiga]
 * [|Tundra]
 * [|Veld]
 * [|Water-meadow]
 * [|Wet meadow]

==<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> [ [|edit] ] Wikimedia link ==
 * 1) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">^ [|//**a**//] [|//**b**//] [|NASA Earth Observatory webpage]
 * 2) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">^ [|//**a**//] [|//**b**//] [|//**c**//] [|University of California Museum of Paleontology Grasslands website]
 * 3) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">** [|^] ** [|Univesity of California- Santa Barbara Temperate Grasslands website]
 * 4) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">** [|^] ** Chadwick 1995
 * 5) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">** [|^] ** [|EO Experiments: Grassland Biome]
 * 6) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">** [|^] ** []
 * = [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png width="30" height="40"]] || Wikimedia Commons has media related to: //** [|Grasslands] **// ||

==<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> [ [|edit] ] Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregions ==
 * **The grassland [|Ecoregions] of the [|Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands] [|Biome] are:**
 * ~ [|Afrotropic] [|Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands] <span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 5px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px;"> <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|v] **·** <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #ba0000; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|d] **·** [|e]   ||
 * [|Al Hajar Al Gharbi montane woodlands] || [|Oman] ||
 * [|Amsterdam and Saint-Paul Islands temperate grasslands] || [|Amsterdam Island], [|Saint-Paul Island] ||
 * [|Tristan da Cunha-Gough Islands shrub and grasslands] || [|Tristan da Cunha], [|Gough Island] ||


 * ~ [|Australasia] [|Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands] <span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 5px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px;"> <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|v] **·** <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|d] **·** [|e]   ||
 * [|Canterbury-Otago tussock grasslands] || [|New Zealand] ||
 * [|Eastern Australia mulga shrublands] || [|Australia] ||
 * [|Southeast Australia temperate savanna] || [|Australia] ||


 * ~ [|Nearctic] [|Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands] <span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 5px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px;"> <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|v] **·** <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #ba0000; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|d] **·** [|e]   ||
 * [|California Central Valley grasslands] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Canadian aspen forests and parklands] || [|Canada], [|United States] ||
 * [|Central and Southern mixed grasslands] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Central forest-grasslands transition] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Central tall grasslands] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Columbia Plateau] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Edwards Plateau savanna] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Flint Hills tall grasslands] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Montana valley and foothill grasslands] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Nebraska Sand Hills mixed grasslands] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Northern mixed grasslands] || [|Canada], [|United States] ||
 * [|Northern short grasslands] || [|Canada], [|United States] ||
 * [|Northern tall grasslands] || [|Canada], [|United States] ||
 * [|Palouse grasslands] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Texas blackland prairies] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Western short grasslands] || [|United States] ||


 * ~ [|Neotropic] [|Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands] <span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 5px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px;"> <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|v] **·** <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #ba0000; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|d] **·** [|e]   ||
 * [|Argentine Espinal] || [|Argentina] ||
 * [|Argentine Monte] || [|Argentina] ||
 * [|Humid Pampas] || [|Argentina] ||
 * [|Patagonian] grasslands || [|Argentina], [|Chile] ||
 * [|Patagonian] steppe || [|Argentina], [|Chile] ||
 * [|Semi-arid Pampas] || [|Argentina] ||


 * ~ [|Palearctic] [|Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands] <span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 5px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px;"> <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|v] **·** <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #ba0000; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|d] **·** [|e]   ||
 * [|Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe] || [|Kazakhstan], [|Tajikistan] , [|Uzbekistan] ||
 * [|Altai steppe and semi-desert] || [|Kazakhstan] ||
 * [|Central Anatolian steppe] || [|Turkey] ||
 * [|Daurian forest steppe] || [|China], [|Mongolia] , [|Russia] ||
 * [|Eastern Anatolian montane steppe] || [|Armenia], [|Iran] , [|Turkey] ||
 * [|Emin Valley steppe] || [|China], [|Kazakhstan] ||
 * [|Faroe Islands boreal grasslands] || [|Faroe Islands], part of [|Denmark] ||
 * [|Gissaro-Alai open woodlands] || [|Kyrgyzstan], [|Tajikistan] , [|Uzbekistan] ||
 * [|Kazakh forest steppe] || [|Kazakhstan], [|Russia] ||
 * [|Kazakh steppe] || [|Kazakhstan], [|Russia] ||
 * [|Kazakh upland] || [|Kazakhstan] ||
 * [|Middle East steppe] || [|Iraq], [|Syria] ||
 * [|Mongolian-Manchurian grassland] || [|China], [|Mongolia] , [|Russia] ||
 * [|Pontic steppe] || [|Kazakhstan], [|Moldova] , [|Romania] , [|Russia] , [|Ukraine] ||
 * [|Sayan Intermontane steppe] || [|Russia] ||
 * [|Selenge-Orkhon forest steppe] || [|Mongolia], [|Russia] ||
 * [|South Siberian forest steppe] || [|Russia] ||
 * [|Tian Shan foothill arid steppe] || [|China], [|Kazakhstan] , [|Kyrgyzstan] ||

[ [|hide] ] * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|1 Introduction]
 * ||||||~ [ [|hide] ]  <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|v] **·** <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|d] **·** [|e]   <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|Botany] ||
 * > **Subdisciplines of botany** ||< [|Ethnobotany] **·** [|Paleobotany] **·** [|Plant anatomy] **·** [|Plant ecology] **·** [|Plant evo-devo] **·** [|Plant morphology] **·** [|Plant physiology]  || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1859-Martinique.web.jpg/100px-1859-Martinique.web.jpg width="100" height="149" caption="1859-Martinique.web.jpg" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1859-Martinique.web.jpg"]] ||
 * > ** [|Plants] ** ||< [|Evolutionary history of plants] **·** [|Algae] **·** [|Bryophyte] **·** [|Pteridophyte] **·** [|Gymnosperm] **·** [|Angiosperm]  ||
 * > ** [|Plant parts] ** ||< [|Flower] **·** [|Fruit] **·** [|Leaf] **·** [|Meristem] **·** [|Root] **·** [|Stem] **·** [|Stoma] **·** [|Vascular tissue] **·** [|Wood]  ||
 * > ** [|Plant cells] ** ||< [|Cell wall] **·** [|Chlorophyll] **·** [|Chloroplast] **·** [|Photosynthesis] **·** [|Plant hormone] **·** [|Plastid] **·** [|Transpiration]  ||
 * > ** [|Plant reproduction] ** ||< [|Alternation of generations] **·** [|Gametophyte] **·** [|Plant sexuality] **·** [|Pollen] **·** [|Pollination] **·** [|Seed] **·** [|Spore] **·** [|Sporophyte]  ||
 * > ** [|Plant taxonomy] ** ||< [|Botanical name] **·** [|Botanical nomenclature] **·** [|Herbarium] **·** [|IAPT] **·** [|ICBN] **·** // [|Species Plantarum] // ||
 * > **Glossaries** ||< [|Glossary of botanical terms] **·** [|Glossary of plant morphology terms]  ||
 * = ** [|Category] ** **·** ** [|Portal] **
 * =<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Grassland = **
 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; display: block; font-size: 0.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 978px;"> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia //This article is about vegetation and landscape. For other uses, see [|Grassland (disambiguation)] .// <span style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; display: block; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 247px;"> [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/AntelopeValleyCAgrassland.JPG/245px-AntelopeValleyCAgrassland.JPG height="184" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AntelopeValleyCAgrassland.JPG"]] <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> [[image:http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png width="15" height="11" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AntelopeValleyCAgrassland.JPG"]] A grassland in the [|Antelope Valley], [|CA] , [|USA] . <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; display: block; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 242px;"> [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Konza1.jpg/240px-Konza1.jpg height="161" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konza1.jpg"]] <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> [[image:http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png width="15" height="11" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konza1.jpg"]] The [|Konza] [|tallgrass prairie] in the [|Flint Hills] of northeastern [|Kansas] . [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Grasslands-menggu.JPG/240px-Grasslands-menggu.JPG height="180" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grasslands-menggu.JPG"]] <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> [[image:http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png width="15" height="11" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grasslands-menggu.JPG"]] An [|Inner Mongolian] grassland in the [|People's Republic of China] .    **Grasslands **are areas where the [|vegetation] is dominated by [|grasses] ( [|Poaceae] ) and other [|herbaceous] (non-woody) plants ( [|forbs] ). However, sedge ( [|Cyperaceae] ) and rush ( [|Juncaceae] ) families can also be found. Grasslands occur naturally on all continents except [|Antarctica] . In temperate latitudes, such as northwest [|Europe] and the [|Great Plains] and [|California] in [|North America] , native grasslands are dominated by perennial [|bunch grass] species, whereas in warmer climates annual species form a greater component of the vegetation.<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[1]] **
 * Grasslands are found in most [|ecological regions] of the earth. For example there are five [|Terrestrial ecoregion] classifications (subdivisions) of the [|Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands] [|Biome] (' [|Ecosystem] '), which is one of eight [|Terrestrial ecozones] of the Earth's surface. ** || ==<span style="background-image: none; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 0px; width: auto;">Contents** ==
 * > ** [|Plant taxonomy] ** ||< [|Botanical name] **·** [|Botanical nomenclature] **·** [|Herbarium] **·** [|IAPT] **·** [|ICBN] **·** // [|Species Plantarum] // ||
 * > **Glossaries** ||< [|Glossary of botanical terms] **·** [|Glossary of plant morphology terms]  ||
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 * =<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Grassland = **
 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; display: block; font-size: 0.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 978px;"> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia //This article is about vegetation and landscape. For other uses, see [|Grassland (disambiguation)] .// <span style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; display: block; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 247px;"> [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/AntelopeValleyCAgrassland.JPG/245px-AntelopeValleyCAgrassland.JPG height="184" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AntelopeValleyCAgrassland.JPG"]] <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> [[image:http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png width="15" height="11" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AntelopeValleyCAgrassland.JPG"]] A grassland in the [|Antelope Valley], [|CA] , [|USA] . <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; display: block; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 242px;"> [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Konza1.jpg/240px-Konza1.jpg height="161" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konza1.jpg"]] <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> [[image:http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png width="15" height="11" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konza1.jpg"]] The [|Konza] [|tallgrass prairie] in the [|Flint Hills] of northeastern [|Kansas] . [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Grasslands-menggu.JPG/240px-Grasslands-menggu.JPG height="180" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grasslands-menggu.JPG"]] <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> [[image:http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png width="15" height="11" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grasslands-menggu.JPG"]] An [|Inner Mongolian] grassland in the [|People's Republic of China] .    **Grasslands **are areas where the [|vegetation] is dominated by [|grasses] ( [|Poaceae] ) and other [|herbaceous] (non-woody) plants ( [|forbs] ). However, sedge ( [|Cyperaceae] ) and rush ( [|Juncaceae] ) families can also be found. Grasslands occur naturally on all continents except [|Antarctica] . In temperate latitudes, such as northwest [|Europe] and the [|Great Plains] and [|California] in [|North America] , native grasslands are dominated by perennial [|bunch grass] species, whereas in warmer climates annual species form a greater component of the vegetation.<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[1]] **
 * Grasslands are found in most [|ecological regions] of the earth. For example there are five [|Terrestrial ecoregion] classifications (subdivisions) of the [|Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands] [|Biome] (' [|Ecosystem] '), which is one of eight [|Terrestrial ecozones] of the Earth's surface. ** || ==<span style="background-image: none; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 0px; width: auto;">Contents** ==
 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; display: block; font-size: 0.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 978px;"> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia //This article is about vegetation and landscape. For other uses, see [|Grassland (disambiguation)] .// <span style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; display: block; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 247px;"> [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/AntelopeValleyCAgrassland.JPG/245px-AntelopeValleyCAgrassland.JPG height="184" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AntelopeValleyCAgrassland.JPG"]] <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> [[image:http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png width="15" height="11" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AntelopeValleyCAgrassland.JPG"]] A grassland in the [|Antelope Valley], [|CA] , [|USA] . <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; display: block; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 242px;"> [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Konza1.jpg/240px-Konza1.jpg height="161" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konza1.jpg"]] <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> [[image:http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png width="15" height="11" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konza1.jpg"]] The [|Konza] [|tallgrass prairie] in the [|Flint Hills] of northeastern [|Kansas] . [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Grasslands-menggu.JPG/240px-Grasslands-menggu.JPG height="180" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grasslands-menggu.JPG"]] <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> [[image:http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png width="15" height="11" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grasslands-menggu.JPG"]] An [|Inner Mongolian] grassland in the [|People's Republic of China] .    **Grasslands **are areas where the [|vegetation] is dominated by [|grasses] ( [|Poaceae] ) and other [|herbaceous] (non-woody) plants ( [|forbs] ). However, sedge ( [|Cyperaceae] ) and rush ( [|Juncaceae] ) families can also be found. Grasslands occur naturally on all continents except [|Antarctica] . In temperate latitudes, such as northwest [|Europe] and the [|Great Plains] and [|California] in [|North America] , native grasslands are dominated by perennial [|bunch grass] species, whereas in warmer climates annual species form a greater component of the vegetation.<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[1]] **
 * Grasslands are found in most [|ecological regions] of the earth. For example there are five [|Terrestrial ecoregion] classifications (subdivisions) of the [|Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands] [|Biome] (' [|Ecosystem] '), which is one of eight [|Terrestrial ecozones] of the Earth's surface. ** || ==<span style="background-image: none; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 0px; width: auto;">Contents** ==
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|2 Climate]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|3 Grassland biodiversity and conservation]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|4 Human impact and economic importance]
 * <span style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"> [|5 Grassland types ( biomes )]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|5.1 Tropical and subtropical grasslands]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|5.2 Temperate grasslands]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|5.3 Flooded grasslands]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|5.4 Montane grasslands]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|5.5 Tundra grasslands]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|5.6 Desert and xeric grasslands]

==<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> [ [|edit] ] Introduction == Grassland vegetation can vary in height from very short, as in chalk where the vegetation may be less than 30 cm (12 in) high, to quite tall, as in the case of [|North American] [|tallgrass prairie], [|South American] grasslands and [|African] [|savanna]. Woody plants, shrubs or trees, may occur on some grasslands - forming savannas, scrubby nd surface of the continent of [|Africa] .<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[2]] While grasslands in general support diverse wildlife, given the lack of hiding places for predators, the African Savanna regions support a much greater diversity in wildlife than do temperate grasslands.<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[3]] The appearance of mountains in the western [|United States] during the [|Miocene] and [|Pliocene] epochs, a period of some 25 million years, created a continental climate favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Existing forest biomes declined, and grasslands became much more widespread. Following the [|Pleistocene] [|Ice Ages], grasslands expanded in range in the hotter, drier climates, and began to become the dominant land feature worldwide.<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[2]] As flowering plants, grasses grow in great concentrations in climates where annual rainfall ranges between 500 and 900 mm (20 and 35 in).<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[1]] The root systems of perennial grasses and [|forbs] form complex mats that hold the soil in place. [|Mites], insect [|larvae] , [|nematodes] and [|earthworms] inhabit deep soil, which can reach 6 metres (20 ft) underground in undisturbed grasslands on the richest soils of the world. These invertebrates, along with symbiotic fungi, extend the root systems, break apart hard soil, enrich it with [|urea] and other natural fertilizers, trap minerals and water and promote growth.<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[4]] Some types of fungi make the plants more resistant to insect and microbial attacks. ==<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> [ [|edit] ] Climate == Natural grasslands primarily occur in regions that receive between 250 and 900 mm (9.8 and 35 in) of rain per year, as compared with [|deserts], which receive less than 250 mm (9.8 in) and [|tropical rainforests] , which receive more than 2,000 mm (79 in).<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[2]] [|Anthropogenic] grasslands often occur in much higher rainfall zones, as high as 200 cm (79 in) annual rainfall. Grassland can exist naturally in areas with higher rainfall when other factors prevent the growth of forests, such as in [|serpentine barrens], where minerals in the soil inhibit most plants from growing. Average daily temperatures range between -20 and 30 °C.<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[5]] Temperate grasslands have warm summers and cold winters with rain or some snow. ==<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> [ [|edit] ] Grassland biodiversity and conservation == Grasslands dominated by unsown wild-plant communities ("unimproved grasslands") can be called either natural or 'semi-natural' habitats. The majority of grasslands in temperate climates are 'semi-natural'. Although their plant communities are natural, their maintenance depends upon anthropogenic activities such as low-intensity farming, which maintains these grasslands through grazing and cutting regimes. These grasslands contain many species of wild plants - grasses, sedges, rushes and herbs - 25 or more speerican prairie grasslands or lowland wildflower meadows in the UK are now rare and their associated wild flora equally threatened. Associated with the wild-plant diversity of the "unimproved" grasslands is usually a rich invertebrate fauna; also there are many species of birds that are grassland "specialists", such as the [|snipe] and the [|Great Bustard]. Agriculturally improved grasslands, which dominate modern intensive agricultural landscapes, are usually poor in wild plant species due to the original diversity of plants having been destroyed by cultivation, the original wild-plant communities having been replaced by sown monocultures of cultivated varieties of grasses and clovers, such as [|Perennial ryegrass] and [|White Clover]. In many parts of the world "unimproved" grasslands are one of the least threatened habitats, and a target for acquisition by wildlife conservation groups or for special grants to landowners who are encouraged to manage them appropriately. ==<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> [ [|edit] ] Human impact and economic importance == <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; clear: right; display: block; float: right; font-size: 12px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-align: center; width: 222px;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;">  Grassland in [|Cantabria], northern [|Spain]. <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;"> A restored grassland ecosystem at [|Morton Arboretum] in [|Illinois]. Grasslands are of vital importance for raising livestock for human consumption and for milk and other dairy products. Grassland vegetation remains dominant in a particular area usually due to grazing, cutting, or natural or manmade fires, all discouraging colonisation by and survival of tree and shrub [|seedlings]. Some of the world's largest expanses of grassland are found in African savanna, and these are maintained by wild herbivores as well as by nomadic pastoralists and their cattle, sheep or goats. Grasslands may occur naturally or as the result of human activity. Grasslands created and maintained by human activity are called **anthropogenic grasslands**. Hunting peoples around the world often set regular fires to maintain and extend grasslands, and prevent fire-intolerant trees and shrubs from taking hold. The tallgrass [|prairies] in the American Midwest may have been extended eastward into [|Illinois], [|Indiana] , and [|Ohio] by human agency. Much grassland in northwest Europe developed after the Neolithic Period, when people gradually cleared the forest to create areas for raising their livestock. ==<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> [ [|edit] ] Grassland types ( biomes ) == ===<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** [ [|edit] ] Tropical and subtropical grasslands ** === These grasslands are classified with tropical and subtropical [|savannas] and [|shrublands] as the [|tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome]. Notable tropical and subtropical grasslands include the [|Llanos] grasslands of northern [|South America]. ===<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** [ [|edit] ] Temperate grasslands ** === Mid-latitude grasslands, including the [|Prairie] and [|Pacific Grasslands] of [|North America], the [|Pampas] of [|Argentina] , [|Brazil] and [|Uruguay] , calcareous [|downland] , and the [|steppes] of [|Europe]. They are classified with temperate savannas and shrublands as the [|temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome]. Temperate grasslands are the home to many large [|herbivores], such as [|bison] , [|gazelles] , [|zebras] , [|rhinoceroses] , and [|wild horses]. [|Carnivores] like [|lions], [|wolves] and [|cheetahs] and leopards are also found in temperate grasslands. Other animals of this region include: [|deer], [|prairie dogs] , [|mice] , [|jack rabbits] , [|skunks] , [|coyotes] , [|snakes] , [|fox] , [|owls] , [|badgers] , blackbirds (both [|Old] and [|New World] varieties), [|grasshoppers] , [|meadowlarks] , [|sparrows] , [|quails] , [|hawks] and [|hyenas]. <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; clear: left; display: block; float: left; font-size: 12px; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-align: center; width: 302px;"> <span style="display: block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; float: right; text-decoration: none;">  Negri-Nepote Temperate Grasslands in Jersey  ===<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** [ [|edit] ] Flooded grasslands ** === Grasslands that are flooded seasonally or year-round, like the [|Everglades] of [|Florida], the [|Pantanal] of [|Brazil] , [|Bolivia] and [|Paraguay] or the [|Esteros del Ibera] in [|Argentina] .They are classified with flooded savannas as the [|flooded grasslands and savannas biome] and occur mostly in the tropics and subtropics. ===<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** [ [|edit] ] Montane grasslands ** === High-altitude grasslands located on high [|mountain ranges] around the world, like the [|Páramo] of the [|Andes Mountains]. They are part of the [|montane grasslands and shrublands biome] and also constitute [|tundra]. ===<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** [ [|edit] ] Tundra grasslands ** === Similar to montane grasslands, polar [|arctic tundra] can have grasses, but high soil moisture means that few tundras are grass-dominated today. However, during the [|Pleistocene] [|ice ages], a polar grassland known as [|steppe-tundra] occupied large areas of the Northern hemisphere. These are in the [|tundra biome]. ===<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">** [ [|edit] ] Desert and xeric grasslands ** === Also called desert grasslands, this is composed of sparse grassland ecoregions located in the [|deserts and xeric shrublands biome]. ==<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> [ [|edit] ] Fauna == Grassland in all its form supports a vast variety of mammals, reptiles, birds, and insects. Typical large mammals include the [|Blue Wildebeest], [|American Bison] , [|Giant Anteater] and [|Przewalski's Horse]. There is evidence for grassland being much the product of animal behaviour and movement;<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[6]] some examples include migratory herds of antelope trampling vegetation and [|African Bush Elephants] eating [|Acacia] saplings before the plant has a chance to grow into a mature tree. ==<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> [ [|edit] ] See also == * [|Appalachian bald] ==<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> [ [|edit] ] References == ==<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> [ [|edit] ] Wikimedia link ==
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|6 Fauna]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|7 See also]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|8 References]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|9 Wikimedia link]
 * <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|10 Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregions] ||
 * [|Bunch grass]
 * [|Bushveld]
 * [|Coastal plain]
 * [|Cerrado]
 * [|Dambo]
 * [|Desert]
 * [|Field]
 * [|Flooded grasslands and savannas]
 * [|Flood-meadow]
 * [|Llanos]
 * [|Meadow]
 * [|Pacific grasslands]
 * [|Pampa]
 * [|Pasture]
 * [|Plain]
 * [|Plateau]
 * [|Prairie]
 * [|Savanna]
 * [|Sods]
 * [|Steppe]
 * [|Taiga]
 * [|Tundra]
 * [|Veld]
 * [|Water-meadow]
 * [|Wet meadow]
 * 1) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">^ [|//**a**//] [|//**b**//] [|NASA Earth Observatory webpage]
 * 2) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">^ [|//**a**//] [|//**b**//] [|//**c**//] [|University of California Museum of Paleontology Grasslands website]
 * 3) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">** [|^] ** [|Univesity of California- Santa Barbara Temperate Grasslands website]
 * 4) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">** [|^] ** Chadwick 1995
 * 5) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">** [|^] ** [|EO Experiments: Grassland Biome]
 * 6) <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">** [|^] ** []
 * = [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png width="30" height="40"]] || Wikimedia Commons has media related to: //** [|Grasslands] **// ||

==<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> [ [|edit] ] Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregions ==
 * **The grassland [|Ecoregions] of the [|Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands] [|Biome] are:**
 * ~ [|Afrotropic] [|Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands] <span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 5px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px;"> <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|v] **·** <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #ba0000; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|d] **·** [|e]   ||
 * [|Al Hajar Al Gharbi montane woodlands] || [|Oman] ||
 * [|Amsterdam and Saint-Paul Islands temperate grasslands] || [|Amsterdam Island], [|Saint-Paul Island] ||
 * [|Tristan da Cunha-Gough Islands shrub and grasslands] || [|Tristan da Cunha], [|Gough Island] ||


 * ~ [|Australasia] [|Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands] <span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 5px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px;"> <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|v] **·** <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|d] **·** [|e]   ||
 * [|Canterbury-Otago tussock grasslands] || [|New Zealand] ||
 * [|Eastern Australia mulga shrublands] || [|Australia] ||
 * [|Southeast Australia temperate savanna] || [|Australia] ||


 * ~ [|Nearctic] [|Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands] <span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 5px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px;"> <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|v] **·** <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #ba0000; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|d] **·** [|e]   ||
 * [|California Central Valley grasslands] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Canadian aspen forests and parklands] || [|Canada], [|United States] ||
 * [|Central and Southern mixed grasslands] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Central forest-grasslands transition] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Central tall grasslands] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Columbia Plateau] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Edwards Plateau savanna] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Flint Hills tall grasslands] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Montana valley and foothill grasslands] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Nebraska Sand Hills mixed grasslands] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Northern mixed grasslands] || [|Canada], [|United States] ||
 * [|Northern short grasslands] || [|Canada], [|United States] ||
 * [|Northern tall grasslands] || [|Canada], [|United States] ||
 * [|Palouse grasslands] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Texas blackland prairies] || [|United States] ||
 * [|Western short grasslands] || [|United States] ||


 * ~ [|Neotropic] [|Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands] <span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 5px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px;"> <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|v] **·** <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #ba0000; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|d] **·** [|e]   ||
 * [|Argentine Espinal] || [|Argentina] ||
 * [|Argentine Monte] || [|Argentina] ||
 * [|Humid Pampas] || [|Argentina] ||
 * [|Patagonian] grasslands || [|Argentina], [|Chile] ||
 * [|Patagonian] steppe || [|Argentina], [|Chile] ||
 * [|Semi-arid Pampas] || [|Argentina] ||


 * ~ [|Palearctic] [|Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands] <span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 5px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px;"> <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|v] **·** <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #ba0000; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">[|d] **·** [|e]   ||
 * [|Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe] || [|Kazakhstan], [|Tajikistan] , [|Uzbekistan] ||
 * [|Altai steppe and semi-desert] || [|Kazakhstan] ||
 * [|Central Anatolian steppe] || [|Turkey] ||
 * [|Daurian forest steppe] || [|China], [|Mongolia] , [|Russia] ||
 * [|Eastern Anatolian montane steppe] || [|Armenia], [|Iran] , [|Turkey] ||
 * [|Emin Valley steppe] || [|China], [|Kazakhstan] ||
 * [|Faroe Islands boreal grasslands] || [|Faroe Islands], part of [|Denmark] ||
 * [|Gissaro-Alai open woodlands] || [|Kyrgyzstan], [|Tajikistan] , [|Uzbekistan] ||
 * [|Kazakh forest steppe] || [|Kazakhstan], [|Russia] ||
 * [|Kazakh steppe] || [|Kazakhstan], [|Russia] ||
 * [|Kazakh upland] || [|Kazakhstan] ||
 * [|Middle East steppe] || [|Iraq], [|Syria] ||
 * [|Mongolian-Manchurian grassland] || [|China], [|Mongolia] , [|Russia] ||
 * [|Pontic steppe] || [|Kazakhstan], [|Moldova] , [|Romania] , [|Russia] , [|Ukraine] ||
 * [|Sayan Intermontane steppe] || [|Russia] ||
 * [|Selenge-Orkhon forest steppe] || [|Mongolia], [|Russia] ||
 * [|South Siberian forest steppe] || [|Russia] ||
 * [|Tian Shan foothill arid steppe] || [|China], [|Kazakhstan] , [|Kyrgyzstan] ||


 * ||||||~ [ [|hide] ]  <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|v] **·** <span style="background-image: none !important; color: #0645ad; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|d] **·** [|e]   <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|Botany] ||
 * > **Subdisciplines of botany** ||< [|Ethnobotany] **·** [|Paleobotany] **·** [|Plant anatomy] **·** [|Plant ecology] **·** [|Plant evo-devo] **·** [|Plant morphology] **·** [|Plant physiology]  || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1859-Martinique.web.jpg/100px-1859-Martinique.web.jpg width="100" height="149" caption="1859-Martinique.web.jpg" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1859-Martinique.web.jpg"]] ||
 * > ** [|Plants] ** ||< [|Evolutionary history of plants] **·** [|Algae] **·** [|Bryophyte] **·** [|Pteridophyte] **·** [|Gymnosperm] **·** [|Angiosperm]  ||
 * > ** [|Plant parts] ** ||< [|Flower] **·** [|Fruit] **·** [|Leaf] **·** [|Meristem] **·** [|Root] **·** [|Stem] **·** [|Stoma] **·** [|Vascular tissue] **·** [|Wood]  ||
 * > ** [|Plant cells] ** ||< [|Cell wall] **·** [|Chlorophyll] **·** [|Chloroplast] **·** [|Photosynthesis] **·** [|Plant hormone] **·** [|Plastid] **·** [|Transpiration]  ||
 * > ** [|Plant reproduction] ** ||< [|Alternation of generations] **·** [|Gametophyte] **·** [|Plant sexuality] **·** [|Pollen] **·** [|Pollination] **·** [|Seed] **·** [|Spore] **·** [|Sporophyte]  ||
 * > ** [|Plant taxonomy] ** ||< [|Botanical name] **·** [|Botanical nomenclature] **·** [|Herbarium] **·** [|IAPT] **·** [|ICBN] **·** // [|Species Plantarum] // ||
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 * > ** [|Plant taxonomy] ** ||< [|Botanical name] **·** [|Botanical nomenclature] **·** [|Herbarium] **·** [|IAPT] **·** [|ICBN] **·** // [|Species Plantarum] // ||
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